ABSTRACT
Plant under saline stress show redundant growth or no germination. The present study was carried out to overcome this effect of salinity using homeopathic Phosphorus 6CH and 12CH on Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br variety Raj 171. This study evaluates the potential of homeopathic Phosphorus 6CH and 12CH to mitigate salinity-induced growth inhibition. The toxicity threshold was determined by culturing seeds on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 50–200 mM NaCl; 100 mM NaCl was identified as the critical level inhibiting germination. To assess stress alleviation, Phosphorus 6CH and 12CH were individually incorporated into MS medium under aseptic conditions. Seeds were surface sterilized and inoculated in seven replicates per treatment. Germination occurred only with Phosphorus 12CH, initiating on day 3, followed by callus formation (day 10) and plant regeneration (day 15). No germination was observed in control or Phosphorus 6CH treatments under saline stress. Regenerated plantlets were subjected to morphological and biochemical analyses, including chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll, total phenolic content, DPPH radical scavenging activity, seedling vigour index, root length, and plant height. From various experiments, it was concluded that Phosphorus 12CH enhances in vitro regeneration under saline stress.
AUTHOR AFFILIATIONS
Department of Botany, IIS (Deemed to be University), Gurukul Marg, SFS, Jaipur- 302020, India
CITATION
Agarwal K and Dhakar P (2025) Modulation of Salinity Stress Responses in Pennisetum glaucum by Homeopathic Phosphorus. Environmental Science Archives 4(2): 898-903.
REFERENCES
Ali AS and Elozeiri AA (2017) Metabolic processes during seed germination. Advances in Seed Biology 1:141–166.
Bistgani ZE, Hashemi M, DaCosta M, Craker L, Maggi F and Morshedloo MR (2019) Effect of salinity stress on the physiological characteristics, phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of Thymus vulgaris L. and Thymus daenensis Celak. Industrial Crops and Products 135:311–320. DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.04.055.
Ghadirnezhad Shiade SR, Rahimi R, Zand-Silakhoor A, Fathi A, Fazeli A, Radicetti E and Mancinelli R (2024) Enhancing seed germination under abiotic stress: Exploring the potential of nano-fertilization. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 24(3):5319–5341.
Liu X and Hou X (2018) Antagonistic regulation of ABA and GA in metabolism and signaling pathways. Frontiers in Plant Science 9:251. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00251.
Manolopoulou E, Varzakas TH and Petsalaki A (2016) Chlorophyll determination in green pepper using two different extraction methods. Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science Journal 4(Special Issue Carotenoids March 2016):52–60. DOI: 10.12944/CRNFSJ.4.Special-Issue1.05.
Marinova G and Batchvarov V (2011) Evaluation of the methods for determination of the free radical scavenging activity by DPPH. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science 17(1):11–24.
Nadarajah KK (2020) ROS homeostasis in abiotic stress tolerance in plants. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21(15):5208. DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155208.
Rajjou L, Duval M, Gallardo K, Catusse J, Bally J, Job C and Job D (2012) Seed germination and vigor. Annual Review of Plant Biology 63:507–533. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042811-105550.
Ranal MA and Santana DGD (2006) How and why to measure the germination process?. Brazilian Journal of Botany 29(1):1–11. DOI: 10.1590/S0100-84042006000100002.
Rashid M, Noreen S, Shah KH, Gaafar ARZ and Waqar R (2024) Morphological and biochemical variations caused by salinity stress in some varieties of Pennisetum glaucum L. Journal of King Saud University-Science 36(1):102994. DOI: 10.1016/j.jksus.2023.102994.
Ravindran P, Yong SY, Mohanty B and Kumar PP (2020) An LRR-only protein regulates abscisic acid-mediated abiotic stress responses during Arabidopsis seed germination. Plant Cell Reports 39(7):909–920.
Sen S, Chandra I, Khatun MA, Chaterjee S and Das S (2018) Agrohomeopathy: an emerging field of agriculture for higher crop productivity and protection of plants against various stress conditions. IJRAR 5(4):52–54.
Sharma A, Kumar V, Shahzad B, Ramakrishnan M, Singh Sidhu GP, Bali AS, et al. (2020) Photosynthetic response of plants under different abiotic stresses: a review. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation 39(2):509–531.
Sharma S (2018) Seed vigour testing: Principles and methods. Agrobios Newsletter 17(2):80–82.
Shiade SRG and Boelt B (2020) Seed germination and seedling growth parameters in nine tall fescue varieties under salinity stress. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B—Soil and Plant Science 70(6):485–494. DOI: 10.1080/09064710.2020.1779338.
Shu K, Zhou W, Chen F, Luo X and Yang W (2018) Abscisic acid and gibberellins antagonistically mediate plant development and abiotic stress responses. Frontiers in Plant Science 9:416. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00416.
Singleton VL, Orthofer R and Lamuela-Raventós RM (1999) Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Methods in Enzymology 299:152–178.
Vishal B and Kumar PP (2018) Regulation of seed germination and abiotic stresses by gibberellins and abscisic acid. Frontiers in Plant Science 9:368905. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00838.
Zhang L, Xu M, Li Q, Hou L and Zhang M (2025) ROP Signaling in Plant Seed Germination Under Abiotic Stress. Seeds 4(2):26. DOI: 10.3390/seeds4020026.
License: Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution, and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third-party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. Visit for more details http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.