Insects, often overlooked due to their small size and ubiquity, are the unsung heroes of global ecosystems. Playing pivotal roles as pollinators, decomposers, nutrient cyclers, and food sources for countless animals, insects underpin the stability of both natural and agricultural systems. However, recent decades have seen an alarming decline in insect populations worldwide; a phenomenon that has far-reaching implications for biodiversity, ecosystem function, and human well-being. This editorial explores the current state of global insect populations, the environmental factors contributing to their decline, and the potential consequences if these trends continue. It has been tried to present an overview how environmental changes, including habitat loss, pesticide use, climate change and pollution are driving this silent crisis.

The sustainability of woven jute geotextiles treated with varying amounts of bitumen emulsion in geotechnical engineering is examined in this article. Several methods are being used to improve the serviceability of jute geotextiles. Natural jute fibres provide environmental benefits; however, bitumen emulsion treatment is being studied for its ability to enhance geotechnical properties. JGT1, JGT2, JGT3 and JGT4 were the four samples that underwent treatment and analysis. In certain instances, JGT3 samples provide positive FTIR and tensile strength values. The study assesses biodegradability and water absorption percentage. The results show how bitumen emulsion concentrations impact jute geotextile performance, which could aid in the design of long-lasting and environmentally responsible infrastructure. The consequences of bitumen coating chemical treatment are examined in this article.

Mustard is an essential oilseed crop belonging to family Brassicaceae (Cruciferae). In the present study, out of a total of 50 actinobacterial isolates (30 from rhizospheric soil and 20 from endophytic tissues) obtained from mustard plant, two promising isolates (rhizospheric MRS-15 and endophytic MER-33) were evaluated for the plant growth promoting potential and endophytic occurrence in in-vitro assay. The MRS-15 isolate was observed to form biofilm-like structure on root epidermis while MER-33 reached inside the root outer cortex on seed inoculation in mustard seedlings. In the field study, Azotobacter was applied as a reference culture along with the two best isolates (MRS-15 and MER-33). The results revealed significant enhancement of various growth parameters (plant height, fresh and dry shoot and root weight, chlorophyll content) and yield attributes by the two actinobacterial cultures. Whereas seed weight/plant and seed yield were enhanced by all three inoculants over the uninoculated control. The seed quality traits, including the total phenol content and DPPH scavenging activity, were improved by MRS-15 inoculation followed by inoculation with Azotobacter. An increase in viable cell counts of total aerobic bacteria, actinobacteria, and free-living N-fixers was recorded on microbial inoculation as enumerated during different stages of growth. This study accentuates the use of plant growth-promoting actinobacterial isolates for the development of bioinoculant formulation for enhanced growth and seed yield in the mustard crop.

This study explores the promising potential of apiculture in Dare Village, Mahabaleshwar, highlighting its significant role in enhancing food security and promoting environmental sustainability through pollination services. Despite climate variability, beekeeping continues to thrive as a resilient livelihood, supporting local communities and contributing to biodiversity conservation. The study identifies consistently high honey quality, with rich medicinal properties, while reporting selected local flora that provides abundant nectar sources. Although rising temperatures, altered flowering cycles, and pesticide exposure pose challenges, the research underscores the capacity of adaptive management practices to safeguard honey yields and colony health. The study advocates for integrating traditional beekeeping wisdom with modern technologies to boost productivity and climate resilience. Promoting sustainable apiculture in Dare Village requires a holistic approach that balances ecological integrity with community well-being. Strengthening cooperatives and improving market access, along with encouraging value-added honey products such as organic and infused varieties, can contribute to local livelihoods. Equally important are conservation efforts, including afforestation with native nectar-yielding plants and minimizing pesticide use, which are vital for maintaining resilient bee populations and supporting biodiversity. Collaboration among government bodies, NGOs, and local stakeholders will play a key role in providing technical training, financial assistance, and ethical trade practices. With integrated strategies and inclusive policies, Dare Village’s apiculture sector can serve as a model for harmonizing environmental stewardship with rural development.

The management of Electrical and Electronic Equipment (EEE) waste has emerged as a pressing global issue, with India ranking as the third-largest generator of e-waste worldwide. This study meticulously examines the inventory of EEE waste in Chandigarh, India, for the fiscal year 2023-24, in accordance with the E-Waste Management and Handling Rules of 2016. The primary objective of this research is to project future e-waste generation based on sales data from 2023 to 2024 and to categorize this waste in line with the aforementioned regulations. Employing the Harmonized System of Nomenclature (HSN) codes, the study classifies various types of electronic equipment while estimating their average weight and lifespan. Data collection was conducted through comprehensive desk research, analysis of e-commerce platforms, and market insights to ascertain average prices and sales volumes of diverse EEE items. The volume of electronic waste generated is ascertained by synthesizing sales data with the mean weight of the products. This estimation utilizes sales figures from the year 2023 (January to December) and the first half of 2024 (January to July). The cumulative mass of Electrical and Electronic Equipment (EEE) sold totals an impressive 1,629.111 tons for the year 2023 (January-December) and 1,086.073 tons for the year 2024 (January-July), respectively. The analysis indicates that Chandigarh is anticipated to generate approximately 2,715.409 tons of e-waste by the year 2033-34. The research underscores the deficiency of designated e-waste recyclers in Chandigarh, which has led to the predominance of recycling activities within the informal sector. In conclusion, the study advocates for the reinforcement of regulatory frameworks, the stringent enforcement of extended producer responsibility, the integration of the informal sector, and the promotion of public awareness initiatives to effectively confront the escalating e-waste challenges in India. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the complexities associated with e-waste management in urban environments and serve as a foundation for the formulation of more effective policies and practices aimed at sustainable e-waste management.

Soil is the accommodation for many microorganisms that play various functions in soil ecosystems, including organic matter decomposition, respiration, nutrient cycling, energy generation, growth and development and many more. Development and functioning of microbial communities are governed by the consumption of key nutrients that are available due to the result of nutrient cycles. These cycles play a crucial role in plant-soil metabolism via photosynthesis, enzyme production, energy conversion, soil respiration (SR), community growth and functioning. SR releases energy in terms of carbon efflux that is consumed at different levels in ecosystem functioning through various organisms and directly involved in the global carbon cycle. Seasonal shifts in different environmental factors such as soil temperature, soil moisture, physicochemical properties, enzyme activity and land use conversion create alterations in soil microbial activity and SR that consequently affect soil fertility and health. Therefore, the evaluation of SR provides useful insight into the soil status and productivity.

The length-weight relationship and condition factor of Labeo rohita and Labeo fimbriatus were analyzed to evaluate the significance of allometric growth and the overall well-being of the species. The study was conducted for a period of six months. A total of 160 individuals were examined. For L. rohita, total lengths ranged from 13.2 cm to 46.0 cm, with weights between 193.65 g and 1490.05 g. In the case of L. fimbriatus, lengths varied from 11.0 cm to 43.8 cm, and weights ranged from 186.3 g to 1216.3 g. The slope value (b) estimated for L. rohita and L. fimbriatus were 2.73 and 2.81, which shows both the species exhibits negative allometric growth pattern. The regression equation calculated for L. rohita was Log W = -1.216 + 2.73 Log L and for L. fimbriatus was Log W = 0.032 + 2.81 Log L. The b value differed from the ideal cube law of ‘3’ as is the case of the length-weight relationship studied in this species else-where. The mean values of computed condition factor for all specimen of L. rohita were 1.76 and L. fimbriatus was 1.95 which indicated that both the species are generally in good condition within their habitat.

Occupational health is one of the unheeded public health concerns throughout the developing nations. Present study was conducted in the Poonch district of J&K, India, to assess the status of occupational health and safety practices among the workers engaged in the stone-crushing and quarrying sector. To obtain data, a questionnaire survey was conducted among 160 workers randomly selected from the stone-crushing units operating in the area. Regardless of age or work experience, the survey found that the majority of the workers suffer from a wide range of occupational health concerns, with respiratory ailments (74.38%) accounting for the majority of these followed by skin-related issues (63.75%), hearing problems (61.25%), headaches (52.5%), chest pain (44.38%), eye problems (41.25%), backache, fatigue (40%), and minor injuries (8.75%) respectively. Poor working conditions and the practice of not wearing safety devices during working hours are likely to be the causes of these health issues. Moreover, there was a lack of appropriate PPEs to protect employees at various working sites. The study recommended that appropriate health care and safety measures must be developed and implemented in this sector along with training for workers to minimize occupational hazards during working hours.

The agricultural sector is undergoing a significant transformation, driven by the imperative to enhance efficiency, optimize resource utilization, and minimize environmental impact. Pesticide application, a critical component of crop protection and yield optimization, is at the forefront of this evolution. This study provides a comprehensive, data-driven comparison of traditional pesticide spraying methods (ground-based and aerial) against emerging drone-based applications. This study indicates that while traditional methods offer lower upfront equipment costs and established operational familiarity, they are associated with higher long-term expenses due to labour intensity, chemical wastage, and significant environmental and safety liabilities. In contrast, drone spraying, despite higher initial investment, offers substantial long-term financial savings through reduced labour and chemical consumption, alongside considerable environmental and safety benefits.

Myiasis is the infestation of living tissue by fly larvae (order Diptera), which feed on either necrotic or living tissue. When it occurs in a hospital setting and is acquired after admission, it is referred to as nosocomial myiasis. This condition is most commonly seen in patients who are immobilized, sedated, intubated, or has chronic wounds that make them more susceptible to larval infestation. Nosocomial myiasis, infestation of hospitalized patients by fly larvae, is rare but signifies severe lapses in sanitation and patient care. This review examines epidemiology, causative vectors, clinical features, diagnostics, management, and prevention through a multi-faceted lens, drawing on case reports and outbreak data.

Watershed management is a complex process that involves understanding the various components of a watershed and how they interact with one another. Drainage line treatment is an important aspect of watershed management, as it involves identifying areas where water is flowing and taking measures to prevent erosion and sedimentation. In recent years, remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) technologies have been increasingly used for watershed management, including identifying potential activity zones and implementing soil and water conservation measures. The study aims to investigate remote sensing and GIS techniques for identifying watershed activities, especially drainage line treatment, in a small catchment area.

Green belts (GB) are the open vegetation zones existing near the urban and industrial set ups. They possess potential to clean environment. They act as sink for air pollutants and also aid in abatement of noise pollution. They also perform important functions such as climatic amelioration, biomass generation, adding to the aesthetic value of the area, and supporting regional biodiversity. The functioning of green belt area depends upon type of vegetation, topography of the area where it is developed and sources of pollution. A set of guidelines set by authorities need to be followed while developing green belt areas in specific zones. In today’s era of environmental deterioration and climate change, concept of green belt has changed. The development of multifunctional green belt areas has gained momentum. These green belt areas not only assist in abatement of environmental pollution, maintenance of ecological balance, prevention of urban extension but also act as sources of recreation and employment. Therefore, green belts areas can prove beneficial in preventing environmental damage, maintenance of ecological sustainability and sustenance of life in future.

Millets are more than simply climate-resilient crop and an ancient grain. These C4 small-seeded grasses have been grown in arid and semi-arid areas of the planet for thousands of years because they can withstand in harsh weather. Climate change is the threat for Agriculture sector and future food security. For sustainable growth of agriculture, may be effectively addressed with millet crops. Promoting millets as a means of creating a food system that is more robust and sustainable. During India's green revolution, millets were eradicated from farmers' fields and consumers' food bowls in favor of rice and wheat cereal crops. Given the rising temperatures and depleting water supplies, millets must be reintroduced as a staple grain. The rainfall requirement of millets such as Sorghum (Jowar), Pearl Millet (Bajra), Finger millet (Ragi) is less than 30% required for growing rice. It is also Found that millets have 30 to 300% more nutritional content compared with other cereals crop. This study investigates the trends in Ragi (finger millet) cultivation, production, and yield in Odisha over a 52-year period (1966-2017). By employing both statistical analysis and machine learning techniques, the research aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of historical patterns and future predictions. Key statistical analyses, including descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, histogram and density plots, moving average analysis, and decomposition, offer insights into the data's distribution, relationships, and long-term trends. The Random Forest model was utilized to predict future trends, with performance evaluated using RMSE and MAE metrics. Results indicate significant variability in Ragi agriculture, highlighting strong correlations between cultivation area and production, and emphasizing the need for improved predictive models. This study provides valuable information for policymakers and farmers to enhance Ragi production strategies, contributing to sustainable agricultural development in Odisha.

Urbanization and industrialization mainly contribute to the rise in Carbon Dioxide (CO2) concentration in the atmosphere, which has become a challengingly important issue to the stability of the global climate. This paper is an analysis of the efficiency and effectiveness of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) and Calcium Hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) solutions as the solvent of a Direct Air Capture (DAC) machine. In order to do this, a specially designed direct air capture device was built to mimic an air filtration device to feed the ambient air into the solvent chamber. The turbidity measurements were used to quantify the CO2 absorption, with higher turbidity corresponding to a more significant carbonate precipitation, and thus, it could be used as a proxy to capture efficiency. The potential of Calcium and Sodium hydroxide as a potential solvent to capture and store ambient carbon dioxide in efficient way is investigated in the study, thus helping to contribute to reducing atmospheric CO2 levels.

Plastic waste increases due to widespread use. Disposed plastic turns into waste, worsening pollution. Plastic does not biodegrade easily; it can take over 500 years to decompose, leading to environmental accumulation and crisis. Ramifications of plastic waste are significant, causing extensive harm. Plastic waste is a pressing environmental concern, requiring efforts from all sectors. There are various causes, consequences, and solutions to reduce plastic waste. Potential solutions for plastic pollution include the R4 framework: Reuse, Reduce, Replace, and Recycle. Each product has its own end-of-life stage; certain components can be salvaged for reuse. Waste materials are recovered and repurposed through recycling. Plastic recycling aids in diminishing pollution and conserving resources. Recycling involves collecting and processing materials into new products. Enhancing recycling systems is crucial for effective waste management. Reusing plastic items reduces waste and environmental footprint. Curbing single-use plastics and advocating for alternatives can alleviate plastic waste. Utilizing bioplastics from renewable sources is a sustainable alternative to traditional plastics. Collective action is necessary to address plastic waste. Strengthening waste management, embracing extended producer responsibility, and advocating for circular economy practices are pivotal measures. Encouraging reduced plastic content in products is essential. Global regulations aim to tackle plastic pollution and protect communities from its effects.

Industrialization and urbanization have caused an increase in pollution and environmental degradation which mitigates ecological and human health. Existing monitoring methodologies lack the sensitivity, speed, and affordability that are necessary, meaning they will need to be abandoned or supplemented with novel methodologies. Nanomaterials have unique physicochemical properties that are advantageous for many facets of biosensing for environmental purposes such as surface area, conductivity, and platform flexibility. We provide a synthesis of nanomaterials that include enhanced biosensor methodologies for contaminant detection in air, water, and soil including heavy metals, pesticides, organic pollutants, and pathogens. These biosensors, with different biorecognition elements, include nanomaterials alone, as well as graphene and carbon nanotubes, metal nanoparticles (Au, Ag, etc.), quantum dots, and Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs). The bio-recognition elements included enzymes, antibodies, and aptamers. The combination of biorecognition elements with nanomaterials produced detection limits commonly in the nanomolar or picomolar range and allowed for field, real-time monitoring. The discussion provides clarity to the findings with a discussion of their advancement and contribution to sustainable management, addressing issues such as selectivity in complex matrices, scale-up for practical implementation and/or commercialisation in practice, etc. Potential future directions of the work in this article might include the synthesis of nanomaterials using an environmentally friendly means such as green chemistry, and with the potential merging of biosensors with IoTs to make smart monitoring systems. A wide array of nano-based biosensors will provide enormous and transformative potential towards safeguarding environmental quality and human health.

Fluoride is very abundant in the Earth’s crust. Its usefulness ranges from several industries, agriculture to human health. The significance and use of fluoride in plants and human bodies vary and lack established conviction. However, with concentrations higher than the permissible limit, it poses a threat to soil quality, plants, microbes, and human health. This non-metal can often originate from various sources, posing a grave danger to different ecosystems and the health of organisms. Fluorosis caused by excessive fluoride is endemic in several nations, including India. To mitigate fluoride toxicity effects, conventional methods and now more sustainable biological defluoridation methods are gaining popularity. For decontamination, plants or/microorganisms are employed to remove pollutants such as fluoride. In this review, we analyzed the microbial remediation strategies to evaluate the potential of microbes towards improving soil health and environmental sustainability.

Aluminum (Al3+) toxicity is a significant limitation to chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) productivity in acidic soils by impairing root growth and increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS). Class III peroxidases are major antioxidant enzymes important for ROS scavenging; however, the structural and functional role of peroxidases in chickpea under Al³⁺ stress remains unclear. This study conducted comprehensive bioinformatics and molecular docking of the chickpea peroxidase 43 isoform X2 gene. BLASTn and BLASTx analyses confirmed that the gene encodes a peroxidase-like protein. Further comparative analysis of peroxidase 43 from nine legumes revealed a high degree of sequence conservation, especially with Medicago truncatula, Pisum sativum, and Vigna radiata. Multiple sequence alignment with phylogenetic analysis highlighted conserved motifs for the catalytic mechanism and evolutionary divergence, with Cajanus cajan having the lowest conservation. The analysis of conserved domains confirmed that peroxidases have specific motifs, while 3D structure prediction confirmed the integrity of the protein fold. Protein-protein interaction analysis revealed a strong connection to enzymes involved in oxidative stress. In addition, molecular docking results revealed that the Al³⁺ ion has a strong binding affinity to the active site, which could destabilize enzymatic activity and function. In contrast, Fe2+ supports activity and function, while Cu2+ strongly competitively binds to peroxidase. Overall, these results give insight into peroxidase-mediated antioxidant defense mechanisms as well as their potential use in breeding strategies for Al3+-tolerant chickpea varieties

Climate change is a pressing challenge facing 21st-century policymakers, with India facing severe consequences due to its geographical diversity. Rising emissions, coupled with increasing economic inequality, make it crucial to identify policy instruments that can both reduce pollution and support sustainable growth. One such instrument is the carbon tax, which has been implemented in several countries to curb emissions while raising government revenue. The paper examines the case study of Canada and the EU, to analyse the effectiveness of carbon tax. Drawing on these lessons, this study suggests a phased strategy for enacting a carbon tax in India and highlights potential economic barriers like inflation, industry resistance, and enforcement problems. This study suggests an initial tax rate of $10 per tonne of CO2 emissions for India. The study also notes that the rate should be viewed as a baseline for phased implementation, open to future adjustments based on performance. In order to guarantee that the tax is both practical and politically feasible, it highlights the necessity of revenue redistribution, public awareness initiatives, and specific exemptions for industries that are particularly vulnerable. By tailoring global lessons to India’s unique economic and political context, this paper bridges an important gap in the literature. Hence, a well-structured carbon tax could be a major contributor to India’s progress to a net-zero future.

Water is the basis of life and the environment. If the water is not utilized sustainably, it will lead to scarcity and cause destruction. Along with the water, its quality should also be maintained. The present study was carried out to analyse the water quality of Poovar Estuary, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. Poovar Estuary is a well-known tourist destination, which is popular for floating resorts and boating in the mangrove forest. The present study focused on physico-chemical analysis such as temperature, pH, conductivity, salinity, total dissolved solids, alkalinity, acidity, carbon dioxide, hardness, sodium, potassium, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, and MPN (Most Probable Number) based on APHA (1992). Fifteen samples in all were taken at various locations along the estuary. The study region has significant quantities of potassium and sodium. The MPN is very high at most sampling sites, because of the extremely high level of E. coli present, it is not suitable for household consumption. To prevent health issues, some measures must be taken to lower the coliforms in the water.

Abandoned granite quarries are increasingly recognized as significant contributors to environmental degradation, especially in ecologically sensitive landscapes like Kollam District in Kerala, India. This study provides a comprehensive environmental assessment of three abandoned quarries namely Nadapara, Cherukara, and Vayyanam focusing on hydro-geochemical, water quality, soil quality, heavy metal contamination, spatial distribution patterns and biodiversity disruption. Quarry water samples revealed slightly alkaline pH, high phosphate levels, and total coliforms exceeding 900/100 mL, indicating microbial contamination and eutrophication risk. Soil analysis showed strong acidity, low organic carbon and high bulk density, suggesting severe compaction and nutrient loss. T-tests confirmed significant differences in organic carbon and moisture content across sites. Heavy metals like Fe, Pb, Cr, and Ni, were within global safety limits but exhibited contamination potential due to enhanced mobility in acidic, low-organic soils. Empirical variogram modelling revealed extensive lateral dispersion for Fe and Pb, while Ni and Cr showed localized retention. Correlation analyses highlighted strong negative associations between Fe and organic carbon and significant positive trends between Lead and phosphorus. Biodiversity surveys documented 51 plant species and 25 faunal taxa, indicating ecological resilience despite degradation. These findings underscore the urgent need for remediation through soil alterations, native vegetation restoration, and environmental monitoring to safeguard ecological and human health in quarry impacted regions.

This paper examines the role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in environmental governance in the Khasi Hills of Meghalaya. Using structured interviews with local NGOs, across East and West Khasi Hills, and documentary evidence, the study maps actor roles, activities, and constraints shaping grassroots environmental action. Findings reveal that NGOs groups operate as information brokers, educators, pressure groups, and watchdogs, organizing awareness campaigns, training, advocacy, and monitoring that yielded outcomes such as enforcement actions against illegal industries. However, persistent challenges limit broader impact: chronic underfunding, limited technical capacity, political resistance, weak inclusion in formal decision-making, and questions of legitimacy and accountability. Survey respondents identify rampant deforestation, unscientific coal mining, and dilution of traditional sacred-grove values as primary threats, and they support integrating indigenous environmental knowledge into curricula and policy. The study identifies governance gaps where traditional custodians and modern institutions fail to coordinate effectively. It recommends legal reforms to guarantee public participation and disclosure, capacity building and funding for local NGOs and traditional councils, and measures to increase youth and women’s representation in environmental decision-making. The paper concludes that empowering NGOs is essential for conserving sacred groves and ensuring equitable, resilient environmental governance in the Khasi Hills.

High temperature is a prominent abiotic stress, affecting worldwide agricultural production, which requires rigorous screening in order to identify heat tolerant strains for crop productivity and sustainability. So, to investigate the effect of elevated temperature on physiological and biochemical traits of fourteen advanced Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) genotypes were sown under two conditions i) normal/ open field condition ii) Temperature Gradient Tunnels (TGT). Physiological and biochemical traits were assessed during the flowering stage. The SPAD value and photosynthetic pigments increased significantly under elevated temperature. Higher temperatures led to a decrease in leaf relative water content and leaf water retention, whereas relative saturation deficit and water saturation deficit increased. Increase in antioxidative enzymes (CAT, SOD and POX) and bio molecules (ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol) were also evident. Average temperature had a significant positive association with Chl b (0.58*), total Chl (0.79**), carotenoids (0.71**), but a significant negative association with CAT (-0.68**) under TGT. A strong relationship existed between seed yield and LRWC (R2=0.429), RSD (R2=0.407), WSD (R2=0.429), POX (R2=0.151) and MDA (R2=0.245) under TGT. This study revealed JT-9 genotype as highly tolerant and JT-12, JA-53, and JD-6 were moderately tolerant with enhanced leaf photosynthetic pigments, stimulated redox homeostasis and increased activity of antioxidative enzymes and bio molecules, which conferred tolerance to heat stress.

Agriculture remains the primary livelihood for over half of India's population. In Bihar, Kaimur district exemplifies this dependency, with its economy predominantly driven by agriculture. For sustainable agricultural planning and policy-making, it is essential to understand the patterns of crop concentration and diversification in the region. The primary objective of this study was to investigate crop concentration and diversification in Kaimur District for the period 2024–2025. The study employed Bhatia's method to evaluate the level of crop concentration and the Gibbs-Martin index to assess the extent of crop diversification. The study utilises secondary data obtained from the District Agriculture Department, Bhabua. Data is analysed using statistical software to compute indices and interpret the findings. Preliminary analysis indicates distinct spatial variations in crop concentration and diversification in the Kaimur district. Rice shows the highest concentration in Bhagwanpur (1.18) and the lowest in Nuaon (0.92) and Ramgarh (0.92). Wheat dominates in Kudra (1.17) and Bhabua (1.12), reflecting canal-fed cereal specialisation. Barley displays exceptional concentration in Nuaon (3.78) and Chainpur (1.63). Pulses and oilseeds show the highest concentrations in Adhaura (Gram-2.34, Lentil-4.50, Peas-3.61, Mustard-1.60, and Linseed-9.10), highlighting adaptive diversification in rainfed uplands. The spatial pattern of the Crop Diversification Index (CDI) ranges from 0.49 (Bhagwanpur) to 0.61 (Adhaura and Chand). Diversification appears limited, as evidenced by a low Gibbs-Martin index, suggesting a reliance on a narrow range of crops. The findings emphasise the need for strategies to encourage crop diversification in the Kaimur district. To enhance sustainability, policy interventions should target low CDI blocks (<0.55) by promoting pulses, oilseeds under integrated schemes. Recommendations include the introduction of high-value crops, improving irrigation infrastructure, and providing market linkages to encourage farmers to adopt diversified cropping systems. Such measures could enhance agricultural sustainability and economic resilience in the region.

The kinetics of the Isopropyl alcohol inhibited Cu(II) catalysed autoxidation of S(IV) in phosphate buffer medium has been studied and based on the observed results, the following rate has been proposed. Rate constants and the order of reaction were calculated and the reaction was found to be pseudo-first order in all cases. The effects of pH and temperature are also studied. The value of apparent activation (Ea) energy was calculated graphically by Arrhenius equation. Based on the inhibition parameter, the reaction follows a free radical mechanism.
-d[S(lV)]/dt = (k1+ k2[CuII]) [S(lV)]/(1 + B [Isopropyl alcohol])

Coral reefs are crucial ecosystems that support marine biodiversity and provide invaluable services to human communities. The Indo-Pacific region boasts the greatest coral reef diversity worldwide, with over 600 species of reef-building corals and 2,000 species of reef fishes. In India, the four primary coral reef regions include the Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay, the Gulf of Kachchh, the Lakshadweep Archipelago, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Despite their importance, these reefs face significant threats from climate change, ocean acidification, pollution, and overfishing, leading to a decline in coral cover and diversity, which undermines the productivity and resilience of these ecosystems. Information on coral coverage in Andhra Pradesh, however, remains limited. A recent study conducted from 2019 to 2023 surveyed four sites (15 subsites) along the Visakhapatnam coast using SCUBA diving and digital photography to document coral diversity. The findings revealed that Chintapalle Beach exhibited the highest live coral cover at 23%. This research underscores the ecological value of Andhra Pradesh’s coral diversity and highlights the urgent need for robust conservation and management efforts to protect these critical marine habitats.

Traditionally prepared fermented foods are known to be important sources of beneficial microorganisms having unique ecological niches. Fermentative bacteria such as lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are known to thrive in harsh environments like extreme pH, temperature and salt concentration. The primary objectives of this study were - firstly, to isolate LAB such as Lactobacillius spp. from selected fermented foods that are locally made in the northeastern region of India. Secondly, to determine bacterial capability to withstand harsh environmental parameters such as nutrient limitations, pH variations, high salinity and temperature conditions. Preliminary screening and isolation of bacteria were done using MRS (De Man, Rogosa and Sharpe) agar. All isolates selected for this study were all gram-positive bacteria and only one of them exhibited catalase activity. In this study, microbial growth and viability test were performed by estimation of optical density as well as colony-forming units (CFU ml-1), respectively. Based on our results, two isolates, LS and FM were able to form colonies at highly acidic medium of pH 2.5. One of the isolates (BK) was found to exhibit viability in oxygen-limited and nutrient-limited conditions such as glucose, magnesium, as well as sodium acetate. Growth declined significantly in the absence of glucose, however, the presence of alternative carbon sources may significantly contribute to the formation of viable cells. The formation of colonies in a non-aerated (oxygen-limited) culture condition also demonstrated the facultative anaerobic trait of the isolate. The salt tolerance test in isolates LS and DF indicated that bacterial cells could withstand high salinity even at 10 % NaCl. Besides, the capability to form biofilm at different temperatures could also be another advantage for promoting bacterial colonization against competing microorganisms and pathogens.

Microalgae represent a diverse group of photosynthetic organisms known for their capacity to biosynthesize a wide spectrum of bioactive compounds with significant pharmaceutical potential. In the present study, twelve microalgal isolates were collected from various ecological niches across Meghalaya, India. The isolates were taxonomically identified through morphological characterization and 18S rDNA gene sequencing. Phytochemical profiling confirmed the presence of diverse bioactive constituents, including alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, phenolics, and glycosides. Antioxidant potential was assessed using ABTS, FRAP, and DPPH radical scavenging assays, with Parachlorella kessleri exhibiting the highest antioxidant activity. Quantitative analysis further revealed that Parachlorella kessleri and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii possessed the highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents, respectively, whereas Desmodesmus abundans exhibited the highest carotenoid content. The in vitro antimicrobial screening against three bacterial pathogens demonstrated that Chlorococcum chlorococcoides is very effective in suppressing the growth of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, while Asterarcys quadricellulare showed the highest zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus. Furthermore, fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis revealed a diverse composition of saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as myristic acid, myristoleic acid, erucic acid, 11,14-octadecadienoic acid, and heneicosapentaenoic acid. Overall, these findings underscore the biotechnological potential of microalgae from specific places of Meghalaya as a sustainable source of bioactive compounds for applications in the pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and related industries.

Green awareness pertains to the extent to which individuals are aware about the environmental issues, green things and green practices. For the present study, green practices include information seeking practice of individuals from various sources and whispering it to others. It involves sharing knowledge about green practices and convincing others to perform these practices. The action-based experimental research study was conducted in Ludhiana district of Punjab consisting of three government senior secondary schools from the urban area. Two of the schools served as experimental groups while the third acted as control group. A total of 150 students, 50 from each school were selected randomly. The primary objective of the study is to enhance awareness, green seeking and green whispering practices among the students followed by intervention. The pre-collected data indicated limited awareness, information seeking and whispering practices related to green among both control and experimental group. To address this intervention was developed for the experimental group based on Fogg behavior model which includes three components for behavior change i.e. ability, motivation and prompt/trigger. Following the intervention, the results showed a significant increase in awareness, information seeking and whispering practices in experimental group students with a mean score improved from x̄ = 2.69 to x̄ = 3.67 for information seeking and x̄ = 1.04 to x̄ = 1.97, for green whispering practices. It indicates that the intervention was effective in changing the behaviour and promoting practices that foster green behaviour.

Many pathogenic microorganisms contribute to major human illnesses, such as infectious diseases, which are one of the most important concerns for humans. Due to treatment with antibiotics having drug resistance problems, in recent years, the use of new herbal and alternative medicines with fewer side effects is being considered for these types of infections. The objective of this study was to investigate the antibacterial activity of Rose (Rosa damascena), Marigold (Calendula officinalis), Tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa), Orchid (Dendrobium orchid), Blue pea (Clitoria ternatea) and Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum indica) extracts against test organisms- Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Klebsiella sp., Vibrio sp. Six flower samples were collected in pre-sterilized zip-lock bags and transported to the Centre of Excellence Laboratory, Primeasia University at the earliest convenience. Antibacterial effects of aqueous, ethanol and acetone extracts of six flower samples were experimented on above mentioned reference strains post-extraction. Antimicrobial effects were investigated using well diffusion, as well as MIC and MBC. Phytochemical analyses of flower petals were conducted. The results showed that the ethanol extract of flowers inhibited the growth of organisms in comparison to ethanol, acetone and aqueous extract. Flower petals also showed the presence of various phytochemicals. This study justified that the flower petals, which are used only for ornamental purposes, also have antibacterial activity and used for the treatment of various diseases.

India’s demographic dividend in terms of a young population is an economic asset. The youth of the country is contributing to various sectors of the economy, and many industries see the young generation as an open market, especially the fashion industry. However, the fast fashion industry is one of the most polluting industries in the world. This study explores consumer behavior and perceptions regarding fast fashion, focusing on factors such as frequency of shopping, influences on purchasing decisions, and awareness of the environmental impact associated with fast fashion. Data collection was done by carrying out a survey of 139 participants based on a standard questionnaire. The survey targeted a diverse demographic, capturing data on age, gender, and monthly income/pocket money, to understand how these variables affect shopping habits. 45 % of women shopped “every few months”, whereas 55 % men shopped “rarely”. The females (45 %) who earn more (>60,000 INR/month), shop more frequently, as compared to males (30 %). The findings reveal that the frequency of clothing purchases is influenced by a combination of social pressures, personal confidence linked to wearing trendy clothes, and the perceived affordability of fast fashion, with over 81 % attributing feeling confident to dressing well. While fast fashion is popular for its trendy and budget-friendly clothing, the findings reveal a concerning gap between consumers' awareness of its environmental impact and their purchasing decisions, for instance, 66 % respondents found the quality of fast-fashion products subpar to sustainable products, however, only 24 % would be willing to pay a higher price for sustainable products. A lack of awareness, only 24 % males and 12 % females acknowledged being aware of sustainable practices, and higher prices of sustainable brands deter the youth from opting for these products, with over 30 % opting not to pay more for a sustainable brand. While a sizeable percentage, nearly 80 % of respondents, acknowledged the environmental impact of fast fashion, fewer respondents, only 10 %, considered this impact when making purchases, indicating a gap between knowledge and behavior. The study suggests that increased brand transparency and consumer education could foster a shift towards more sustainable fashion choices. Increasing consumer engagement with sustainable fashion, ethical practices in manufacturing processes, and the introduction of initiatives that improve sustainability can go a long way in promoting sustainable consumption and achieving SDG 12.

Wild edible plants hold significant ethnobotanical and nutraceutical importance, especially among tribal communities that rely on them for nutrition and traditional medicine. This study evaluated the antioxidant potential of three wild edible fruits such as Alangium salvifolium subsp. hexapetalum (Alangiaceae), Ardisa elliptica (Myrsinaceae), and Solanum nigrum (Solanaceae), collected from the Western Ghats region of Wayanad, Kerala, India. Methanolic extracts of the fruits were analyzed using DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS antioxidant assays. Among the studied fruits, Alangium salvifolium subsp. hexapetalum exhibited the highest antioxidant activity with the lowest IC₅₀ values: 209.43 µg/mL (DPPH), 4.32 µg/mL (FRAP), and 29.44 µg/mL (ABTS). Comparatively, Ardisa elliptica recorded IC₅₀ values of 329.57 µg/mL (DPPH), 17.04 µg/mL (FRAP), and 49.65 µg/mL (ABTS), while Solanum nigrum showed the lowest activity with IC₅₀ values of 765.35 µg/mL (DPPH), 34.49 µg/mL (FRAP), and 109.73 µg/mL (ABTS). Given its superior antioxidant capacity, Alangium salvifolium subsp. hexapetalum was further analyzed using High Resolution-Liquid Chromatograph Mass Spectrometry (HR-LCMS), leading to the identification of bioactive compounds potentially responsible for its antioxidant effects. These findings highlight the nutraceutical potential of wild edible fruits and underscore the importance of preserving indigenous knowledge regarding their use.

Microplastics (MPs), persistent pollutants with particle sizes smaller than 5 mm, have emerged as a serious ecological and health hazard across terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Biological degradation, particularly by fungi, has gained attention as an environmentally friendly and sustainable approach for microplastic remediation. This review briefly explores the role of fungi in microplastic degradation, focusing on mechanisms, types of fungi involved, degradation products, factors influencing degradation, analytical methods, and future applications. The article also addresses knowledge gaps, biotechnological advancements, and future research directions to enhance fungal degradation efficiency. More research should be conducted on biotic microplastic degradation in order to find underlying mechanisms in depth, to get rid of microplastics, persistent in the environment.

The worldwide agricultural sector intends to expand food production by 60% by 2050 while lowering its 24% contribution to greenhouse gas emissions. Recent advances in agricultural engineering have solved this issue. Post-harvest technology, such as AI-powered sorting and blockchain cold chains, can save food loss by up to 40%. Precision agricultural systems utilize drone photography and edge AI to reduce pesticide use by 68.7% while preserving yields. Sustainable water management techniques increase efficiency by 43.2%. Agricultural robotics automates labour-intensive operations, while renewable energy integration enables energy-positive agriculture. Climate adaptation efforts rely on CRISPR-engineered crops and predictive analytics. Regenerative techniques can sequester 2-5 tons of CO₂ per hectare annually.

Crop residue burning (CRB) in India poses a severe environmental and public health challenge, particularly in the agricultural heartlands of Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, and the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi. Driven primarily by the narrow window between successive crop cycles, this practice leads to significant air pollution, soil degradation, and economic losses. In response, both the Government of India (GoI) and the Government of Punjab have implemented a multifaceted array of initiatives, evolving from general farm mechanization support to highly specialized crop residue management (CRM) schemes.

Mountain regions, including Mount Fako and Mount Manengouba, are vital natural water catchments that supply freshwater to over half of the world’s population. These areas play a critical role in delivering potable water through ecosystem services. Although water from the source is typically pure, its quality and quantity decline as it flows downstream, especially through human settlements, resulting in unreliable and intermittent water supply. This study assessed the spatial and seasonal dynamics of water quality in three streams from each mountain—Wolikakwo, Koke, and Ndongo (Mount Cameroon), and Shut, Chambre Noir, and Poladam (Mount Manengouba). Samples were collected at three points along each stream (source, upstream settlement, and downstream settlement) during both dry and rainy seasons. Ten parameters were analyzed using the Weighted Arithmetic Water Quality Index (WQI), with laboratory results compared to WHO drinking water standards. ANOVA and Independent Sample Tests were employed to detect spatial and temporal variations. Findings revealed significant spatial and/or seasonal variations in several streams. In Mount Manengouba, streams showed variations in pH, K⁺, and coliform counts. Chambre Noir and Poladam exhibited significant seasonal changes in conductivity, calcium, sulfates, bicarbonates, and nitrates. In Mount Cameroon, streams like Wolikakwo, Koke, and Ndongo displayed similar patterns, particularly for EC, TDS, temperature, coliforms, and key ions. Overall, WQI results indicated that none of the water sources met WHO standards for potable use. To ensure sustainable water delivery, the study recommends establishing watershed management boards and enforcing water catchment protection laws to safeguard mountain water sources.

Earthquake is the worst natural phenomena. In recent past the earthquake all over the world had taken lots of damages not only human life but also property damage. In 1976 earthquake in China takes away huge amount of life exceeding lakhs. The 1995 Japan earthquake causes huge amount of financial loss. In India Bhuj earthquake in 2001 not only take away human life but also causes huge financial loss. The Kangra earthquake of 1905 has the magnitude of 8.5. So all the earthquake have active effect on the human life as well as nations financial loss to that effect. The Himalayan region earthquakes have very crucial one because of the natural conditions.

This study evaluates the spatial distribution of nitrate contamination in the groundwater of the Jawaja block in the southwestern region of Ajmer district, Rajasthan, and investigates its correlation with land use/land cover (LULC) characteristics. One hundred thirteen groundwater samples were obtained from shallow and deep bore wells, exhibiting nitrate amounts between 2 and 312 mg/L (mean: 60.38 mg/L). Approximately 36% of the samples were above the BIS allowed level of 45 mg/L, indicating a substantial contamination risk. Spatial research utilizing GIS indicated that elevated nitrate zones are primarily located in the central, eastern, and northern regions of the block, corresponding with areas of heavy agricultural cultivation and high population density. LULC mapping indicated that agricultural land constituted the most extensive category, followed by built-up areas, whereas wooded and rangeland zones were predominantly situated in highland regions characterized by reduced nitrate levels. The identified distribution pattern indicates that overuse of fertilizers, insufficient sanitary infrastructure, and hydrogeological susceptibility are the main contributors to contamination, whereas wooded and rangeland regions perform a protective function for groundwater quality. The findings emphasize the necessity of focused, land-use-specific interventions, such as optimized fertilizer management, enhanced wastewater disposal systems, and the safeguarding of natural recharge zones, to enable sustainable groundwater resource management in nitrate-impacted semi-arid regions.

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the staple food for more than 3.5 billion people worldwide, with annual global production exceeding 800 million tonnes. However, diseases remain a major constraint, causing average yield losses of 10–30%, and in severe outbreaks, such as rice blast epidemics in Asia, up to 50% loss has been recorded. Bacterial blight alone can result in 20–30% yield reductions, while sheath blight accounts for 15–25% under conducive conditions. This review provides a comprehensive overview of major rice diseases, focusing on their causal organisms, diagnostic symptoms, and modes of transmission. Recent advances in management are highlighted, including the deployment of over 100 resistant varieties, identification of more than 80 resistance genes and QTLs through molecular breeding, and transgenic approaches that have reduced disease severity by up to 40–60% in field evaluations. Cultural controls, such as crop rotation and optimized planting density, continue to play an essential role in integrated disease management. By compiling updated quantitative insights into disease impacts and control methods, this review aims to support researchers and farmers in early detection and effective management, thereby contributing to sustainable rice production.

Riparian vegetation is found in the margins of streams, rivers and lakes, which significantly contributes to the health of the waterbodies. The current study aims to analyse the riparian vegetation of the Pattathipara and Poovanchira streams in Kerala, which are part of the Peechi-Vazhani Wildlife Sanctuary. The Pattathipara quadrat study included 37 plant species from 28 families, whereas the Poovanchira quadrat survey included 34 plants from 25 families. Euphorbiaceae had the most species (4 spp.) in the Pattathipara region, while Malvaceae, Fabaceae, Rutaceae, and Lamiaceae each had three spp. in the Poovanchira region. The present study examined the relative density, relative frequency, relative basal area, tree importance value indexes and Shannon Weiner Diversity Index (H') in the Pattathipara and Poovanchira regions. Relative frequency, density, and abundance indicated that both area is relatively dominated by deciduous trees. The IVI profile indicated the dominance of Terminalia elliptica in Pattathipara and Wrightia tinctoria in Poovanchira, which are dry deciduous forest trees.

Guava is a delicious fruit loaded with essential nutrients; in addition, its leaves are equally beneficial. It contains various nutritional and bioactive compounds that offer a range of health benefits and can be used as a complement to medicines. The experiments were carried out and replicated thrice to evaluate the concentration of bioactive compounds in the dried leaves. Guava leaves were dried in shade under ambient conditions as well as using tray (50°C, 60°C and 70°C) and microwave drying (360 W, 540 W and 720 W). To explain the drying process, nineteen available models were evaluated for the best fit. The drying data were best explained by the Page model and Verma model in shade drying; Midilli and Kuck model, as well as the Jena and Das model at 700C tray drying; Midilli and Kuck and Logarithmic model for 360 W microwave drying of Purple guava and Shweta guava, respectively. In both guava varieties, L*, a*, b* values were higher in fresh leaves in comparison to shade, tray and microwave dried leaves. The flavonoid contents for fresh Purple and Shweta guava leaves were 49.81 and 31.71 mg QE/ mg dry weight, respectively in comparison to 208.62 mg QE/mg dry weight & 84.79 mg QE/mg dry weight for Purple and Shweta dried leaves.

Dead branching coral samples were collected in Nha Trang Bay to isolate benthic dinoflagellates. The identification and taxonomic observation of benthic dinoflagellates were based on cell size, shape, surface morphology, and thecal plate structure using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. A total of 27 benthic dinoflagellate species belonging to 5 orders were identified from dead corals. The cell density of dinoflagellates varied spatially. During the dry season, the highest density reached 17.8 cells/cm², while in the rainy season, the highest density was 15.7 cells/cm². Five species of Gambierdiscus australes, G. carpenteri, G. caribaeus, G. polynesiensis, G. belizeanus, which are known to cause Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP), were also detected, although their cell densities were low, reaching 2.8 cells/cm² in the dry season and 0.5 cells/cm² in the rainy season.

The excessive use of non-biodegradable synthetic plastics in food packaging has led to environmental pollution, waste accumulation, and challenges in waste management, driving the need for sustainable alternatives. Edible packaging composed of food-grade, biodegradable, and naturally derived materials, has emerged as a promising solution. These films and coatings, made from polysaccharides, proteins, lipids, or composite materials, can serve as primary packaging by acting as barriers to moisture, oxygen, gases, and microbes, while incorporating active agents like antimicrobials, antioxidants, and vitamins to enhance food safety, sensory qualities, and shelf life. Plasticizers, emulsifiers, plant extracts, and antioxidants are added to improve mechanical, structural, and functional properties. Applications of edible coatings have demonstrated effective preservation of fruits, vegetables, and perishable foods by reducing microbial growth, delaying ripening, and minimizing weight loss. Nanotechnology further enhances edible films by enabling nanoencapsulation of bioactive agents, improving solubility, stability, and controlled release, though careful regulation is required due to the potential toxicity of nanoparticles. The global edible packaging market is rapidly growing, reflecting rising consumer demand for eco-friendly and sustainable products. Despite its advantages, industrial-scale adoption is limited by mechanical, barrier, and cost challenges, highlighting the need for continued research to optimize material properties and enable commercial feasibility.

Soil is a vital resource for life on Earth, supporting plant growth that provides food for both humans and animals. Additionally, soil serves as a habitat for a diverse range of microorganisms that are essential for nutrient cycling. However, soil can also be a source of parasitic infections. Certain environments can harbor protozoa and soil-transmitted helminths, which can transmit diseases to humans. Parasitic contamination poses a significant global health threat, as it is one of the most common types of infections worldwide. This study aimed to determine the levels of parasitic contamination and identify the predominant parasitic species in soil samples collected from various locations in Misurata. A total of 384 samples were collected over the seasons of 2021 and 2022—autumn, winter, spring, and summer—and were transferred to the laboratory for analysis of their physical and chemical properties. These properties included pH, which ranged from 8.1 to 9.0 in all samples, and organic matter content, which ranged from 2.5% to 2.8%. Microscopic examination was conducted to assess the rate of parasitic contamination. The results showed slight variations between seasons, with an overall contamination rate of 37.18%. Specifically, the contamination rates were 34.14% in autumn, 39.12% in winter, 38.07% in spring, and 37.38% in summer. The findings indicated that higher soil pH and organic matter content were associated with increased intensity of parasitic contamination, particularly in autumn. Conversely, lower values corresponded to reduced contamination intensity in summer. This suggests that moderately alkaline conditions, combined with elevated organic matter, may favor the persistence and transmission of soil parasites.

This study focuses on the synthesis, characterization, and fluorometric sensing of 2,3-diphenylethynyl-meso-tetraphenylporphyrin (H₂TPP(PE)₂) and its zinc (II) metal derivatives. The synthesized compounds were obtained through a series of chemical transformations starting from meso-tetraphenylporphyrin, which included bromination, reduction, palladium-catalysed coupling and metalation with Zn (II). The resulting porphyrins were characterized using UV-Visible spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR), high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), and other techniques to confirm their structures. The UV-Vis absorption spectra revealed a bathochromic shift in the Soret and Q bands with increasing substitution, particularly for the H₂TPP(PE)₂ and its Zn (II) derivative, indicating the influence of electron-withdrawing substituents. Furthermore, these porphyrins demonstrated promising fluorometric sensing properties, particularly in the detection of cyanide (CN⁻) ions, exhibiting significant spectral changes upon interaction. This study underscores the potential of these modified porphyrins as effective materials for environmental pollutant detection and highlights their utility in optoelectronic and sensor applications. The findings pave the way for further development of these compounds as candidate materials for advanced environmental monitoring and other technological applications.

The toxicological interaction of fungicide (carbendazim: CBZ) and insecticide (imidacloprid: IMI) was evaluated using a mouse model system. Mice received IMI-L & IMI-H (45.5 & 90.0 mg/kg feed, respectively), CBZ-L & CBZ-H (1.4 and 2.8g/kg feed, respectively) and in combination (IMI-L+CBZ-L) through the feed. Various toxicological endpoints were evaluated, including feed and water consumption, biochemical parameters, oxidative stress, antioxidants, and neurotoxicity, and the interactive index was calculated. A decrease in feed and water consumption and body weight loss was noticed in CBZ and IMI-treated groups and in combination. A significant change in cytotoxicity biochemical indicators was noticed in IMI and CBZ alone-treated groups as compared to control and combined (IMI-L+CBZ-L) treated groups. Non-significant changes (p≥0.05) in oxidative stress biomarkers and antioxidants were observed in the IMI-L+CBZ-L group compared with the respective alone-treated groups. Plasma and brain, AChE activity was significantly (p≤0.05) altered in IMI-L+CBZ-L group when compared with IMI-L and CBZ-L alone groups. Motor activity (FLA and SLA) significantly (p≤0.05) decreased in IMI and CBZ-treated groups as compared to the combined group. Response to pain significantly (p≤0.05) increased in IMI and CBZ alone groups when compared with the control and IMI-L+CBZ-L groups. The interactive index calculated for the parameters under investigation indicates the majority of antagonism. The present study suggests that IMI and CBZ exposure via the dietary medium has a dose-dependent toxic effect, but the existence of both in a dietary medium does not lead to additivity or synergism.

This article examines the current status of climate finance and green finance, focusing on their barriers, equity issues, and effectiveness through an extensive review of scholarly literature indexed in the Science Direct database. Studies published between 2009 and 2024 were analyzed using the keywords ‘climate finance’ and ‘green finance.’ The 1.5°C target aims to keep the rise in global temperature below 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels by the end of this century to prevent serious climate disasters. Earlier, a 2°C target was considered acceptable, but small island nations opposed it, warning that even this level of warming threatened their survival through rising sea levels and extreme weather. To achieve the 1.5°C goal, developed countries under the Paris Agreement pledged to mobilize USD 100 billion annually by 2020 to help developing nations mitigate emissions and adapt to climate impacts, though this promise remains largely unmet. The review reveals that complex governance systems, limited private sector engagement, and restrictive funding mechanisms have reduced the effectiveness of climate finance. It emphasizes the need for locally driven approaches that integrate community participation, with civil society playing a key role in ensuring equitable fund distribution. Despite efforts to scale up financing, significant gaps remain in directing resources toward the most vulnerable populations. The study concludes that enhancing transparency, governance reforms, and public–private collaboration is essential to strengthen the efficiency and equity of climate finance, thereby supporting global goals of sustainable development and inclusive climate resilience